Early in Cyberpunk 2077: Phantom Liberty (CD Projekt Red, 2023), an unknown voice gets into V’s head through the Relic, the chip that is killing them. She introduces herself as Songbird. She tells V that she is aboard Space Force One, the plane of the president of the New United States, that someone has hacked it and that it is going to come down in Dogtown, the walled-off district of Night City ruled by Kurt Hansen’s Barghest militia. She asks V to rescue President Rosalind Myers and, in return, promises the one thing V cannot refuse: a cure. From the roof of a stadium, V watches a missile hit the plane. Songbird gets Myers into the armored saferoom and is ejected in an emergency pod. Warning: this file spoils the plot and the endings of the expansion.
// The theoryThe excuses that come before the act
In 1957, Gresham Sykes and David Matza published an article in the American Sociological Review that changed the question. Against the idea that delinquents live in a subculture whose values oppose those of society, they observed that most young offenders do believe in the rules: they feel shame, they distinguish between victims and they admire honest people. What they do is neutralize those rules with excuses that suspend their force just long enough to break them. They described five techniques: denial of responsibility (it was not my fault), denial of injury (nobody got hurt), denial of the victim (they had it coming), condemnation of the condemners (they are worse) and appeal to higher loyalties (I did it for my own people). In Delinquency and Drift (1964), Matza added the idea of drift: these excuses do not push anyone into crime, but they loosen the moorings that held them back. Two later extensions matter here: the defense of necessity (Minor, 1981), I had no other option, and the metaphor of the ledger (Klockars, 1974), I have done so much good that I can afford this.
An excuse for every betrayal
Neutralization is not a lie told to others, or not only that. It is the story that lets someone who believes in loyalty betray without ceasing to see themselves as loyal. Sykes and Matza stressed that these justifications are extensions of reasons the legal system itself already accepts, such as self-defense or necessity, stretched to cover what they do not cover. Songbird puts it bluntly: to the president, she is a weapon, and weapons do not make decisions or retire. If she is a tool, the responsibility lies with whoever wields it. And if whoever wields it is killing her, then betrayal is self-defense.
// The subjectThe right hand who called in the debt
Song So Mi was a teenage netrunner from Brooklyn who broke into data fortresses for hire. At 19 she was caught, and the FIA, the NUSA’s intelligence agency, recruited her with a threat: without its protection, NetWatch would also come after the people she cared about. Under the codename Songbird she became Myers’s right hand and her most valuable weapon. The president sent her past the Blackwall, the barrier that separates the net from the rogue artificial intelligences, again and again, and every dive cost her a piece of her body and her mind. By 2077 she is dying. To save herself, she makes a deal with Hansen: she will deliver Myers to him in exchange for a neural matrix kept in a Militech bunker. The game shows her in three moments that say it all. In “Hole in the Sky,” with the plane already going down, she saves the president by getting her into the saferoom; by her own account, her plan was never for Myers to die. In “Birds with Broken Wings,” if V agrees to meet her at a lookout in Pacifica that she cherishes, V can confront her, and Songbird admits that she was the one who gave Hansen the when and where of the flight. And in “The Killing Moon,” on the train to the shuttle, already inside the spaceport, she recalls that in 2070 she abandoned her mentor, Agent Solomon Reed, on a train full of enemies, and confesses that she has done the same to V: the matrix can only be used once, and it was meant for her.
Songbird
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// The crackA spy does not excuse herself, she defends herself
The theory fits almost piece by piece. Songbird condemns the condemners: the NUSA recruited her through blackmail and spent her like ammunition, so it is in no position to talk about betrayal. She denies responsibility: a tool does not choose. She denies injury: by her account, the president was supposed to come out alive, and if the plan went wrong, it was someone else’s doing. And she keeps her ledger: years of service that, in her view, entitle her to a way out. But two techniques do not work for her. She does not appeal to higher loyalties, because she has no group to betray for: her only loyalty is staying alive. That is Minor’s defense of necessity more than the original catalog. Nor is hers a case of drift in Matza’s sense. Sykes and Matza had in mind kids floating between the rule and the offense; Songbird is a professional deceiver trained by a spy agency, who plans every step months ahead.
There lies the crack. Later research, reviewed by Shadd Maruna and Heith Copes in 2005, points out that it has never been easy to prove that the excuses come before the act and not after it, to save face. With Songbird the doubt is a different one: her justifications are at once an inner story and a tool of manipulation. She tells them to V, who is also dying, because she knows V will understand them. The endings put this to the test. If V helps her escape, Songbird reaches the Moon, is cured and leaves V a message of thanks. If V hands her over to Reed at the spaceport, the NUSA treats her and takes control of her again. If V sides with Reed at the stadium (the “Firestarter” mission), Songbird flees to the Cynosure bunker to connect to the Blackwall, and there, devoured by what lies on the other side, she asks V to end her life; V decides whether to do it or to return her alive to the NUSA. Explaining Songbird is not excusing her: between her case and that of any prisoner who claims to have had no choice, the theory sees a difference of degree, not of form.
Excuses are also manufactured from above
Neutralization was first studied in teenagers, but its most fertile ground turned out to be in offices. Michael Benson (1985) interviewed people convicted of white-collar crimes and found the same formulas: nobody was harmed, everybody did it, the law was unfair. Songbird’s case adds an uncomfortable piece: some of her excuses were handed to her by the institution itself. An agency that treats a person as a weapon teaches her that responsibility lies elsewhere. When that person turns on it, she uses the same argument. The lesson is not that Songbird was right, but that organizations that deny their own people any autonomy manufacture the justifications those people later use to betray them.
Three key ideas
- Neutralization theory (Sykes and Matza, 1957) holds that offenders usually believe in the rules and switch them off with excuses: denying responsibility, injury or the victim, condemning the condemners and appealing to higher loyalties; Minor and Klockars added the defense of necessity and the ledger.
- Songbird, the FIA netrunner, arranges with Kurt Hansen to hand over President Myers in exchange for a neural matrix that can cure her, and tricks V with a cure that only works for one person; every betrayal arrives with its justification.
- The crack: she has no higher loyalties, only the need to survive, and her excuses are at once an inner story and a tool of manipulation, which makes it even harder to tell whether they come before or after the act.
Sources · further reading
- Sykes, G. M. and Matza, D. (1957). “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency”. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 664-670.
- Matza, D. (1964). Delinquency and Drift. Wiley.
- Klockars, C. B. (1974). The Professional Fence. Free Press.
- Minor, W. W. (1981). “Techniques of Neutralization: A Reconceptualization and Empirical Examination”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 18(2), 295-318.
- Benson, M. L. (1985). “Denying the Guilty Mind: Accounting for Involvement in a White-Collar Crime”. Criminology, 23(4), 583-607.
- Maruna, S. and Copes, H. (2005). “What Have We Learned from Five Decades of Neutralization Research?”. Crime and Justice, 32, 221-320.
- CD Projekt Red (2023). Cyberpunk 2077: Phantom Liberty. CD Projekt.
Case-file questionsFrequently asked questions
Who is Songbird?
Songbird (“Song So Mi”) is a villain from Cyberpunk 2077, analysed on KRIMINIS through the lens of criminology. She brings down her president’s plane, convinces a mercenary to save her and promises a cure she never meant to share.
Why does Songbird (Song So Mi) become a villain?
Songbird, of Cyberpunk 2077: Phantom Liberty, and neutralization theory: the FIA netrunner hands President Myers over and tricks V with a cure that only works for one. And she has a reason for every step.
Which criminological theory explains Songbird?
Songbird's case is analysed through Neutralization. Neutralization theory (Sykes and Matza, 1957) holds that offenders do not reject the rules but learn excuses that switch them off just long enough to break them: denying responsibility, denying injury, denying the victim, condemning the condemners and appealing to higher loyalties. Song So Mi, codenamed Songbird, the FIA netrunner of Cyberpunk 2077: Phantom Liberty (CD Projekt Red, 2023), is a sampler of them: she arranges with Kurt Hansen for President Rosalind Myers’s plane to go down in exchange for a neural matrix that can cure her, and she deceives V to get it. Every betrayal arrives with its justification ready.








