In “The Name of the Game,” the first episode of The Boys (Prime Video, 2019), Hughie Campbell walks out of the electronics store where he works with his girlfriend, Robin. She asks whether he has finally asked his boss for a raise; they talk about moving in together. Mid-sentence, Robin bursts apart. Something has gone through her at a speed the eye can’t follow. That something stops for an instant on the sidewalk, covered in blood, and vanishes. Hughie is left in the street holding Robin’s hands in his. It was A-Train, played by Jessie T. Usher: Reggie Franklin, the speedster of the Seven, the Vought corporation’s superhero team, and the fastest man in the world. Afterward, in front of the cameras, he says he regrets it and claims Robin stepped into the street while he was chasing bank robbers. Vought offers Hughie $45,000 to sign a nondisclosure agreement. (Spoiler warning: this file covers all five seasons and reveals how A-Train dies in the last one.)
// The theoryThe goal and the shortcut
In 1938, in the article “Social Structure and Anomie,” published in the American Sociological Review, the American sociologist Robert K. Merton argued that much deviance does not come from sick individuals but from the way a society is built. Every culture sets goals worth pursuing and norms that say by which means it is legitimate to pursue them. When a culture exalts the goal, success, far more than respect for the means, the rule loses its grip and a strain toward anomie appears: what counts is getting there, not how. Merton described five ways of adapting to that pressure: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. The innovator accepts the goal and drops the legitimate means for others that work better. And one of Merton’s own examples came from sport: when victory is reduced to winning, rather than winning within the rules, competition ends up rewarding the illicit means that works.
Innovating with a syringe
In “Get Some” (season one, episode 3), A-Train puts his title as the fastest man in the world on the line in a race against Shockwave, a younger speedster. Madelyn Stillwell, the Vought executive who manages the Seven, has warned him that if he loses, he is off the team. His girlfriend, Popclaw, reminds him that the last time he took Compound V, the substance that grants the powers, he ran through Robin. Before the start, A-Train disappears for a second, injects himself and wins. This is Merton’s innovation in its purest form: the goal is to be number one, which at Vought amounts to existing; the legitimate means, talent and training, is no longer enough; the illegitimate means sits within reach in a vial.
// The subjectThe speedster who couldn’t stop
The series shows him in three moments where the goal outweighs any norm. In “Good for the Soul” (season one, episode 5), A-Train travels to Havana, where he has hidden Popclaw after Butcher’s crew blackmailed her into giving up information about Compound V. He tells her Stillwell will finally let them go public with their relationship if she tells him whom she told. Popclaw describes the men; he tells her he loves her and injects her with several doses of heroin. The death passes for an overdose, and the order came from Homelander, the leader of the Seven. At the end of that season, in the middle of a fight with Hughie and Starlight, his heart, damaged by V abuse, gives out, and in “Nothing Like It in the World” (season two, episode 4) Homelander throws him off the team: a speedster who is probably no longer even in the top twenty makes the Seven, and him, look ridiculous. In season three, in “Glorious Five Year Plan” (episode 4), Supersonic invites him to join Starlight against Homelander; he agrees, then tells Homelander everything, and Homelander kills Supersonic. And in “Herogasm” (episode 6), after the supe Blue Hawk leaves his older brother, Nathan, who used to be his coach, paraplegic, A-Train drags him at super speed along the asphalt until he is dead, then collapses with another heart attack. In the next episode he wakes up with Blue Hawk’s heart.
A-Train
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// The crackA company that sets the goal and sells the shortcut
The Boys complicates Merton on one decisive point. In his theory, society draws the line between legitimate and illegitimate means, and the innovator crosses it. In the series, every supe owes their powers to Compound V, which Vought manufactures and hides from the public: A-Train’s “natural talent” is already a company product, and his doping is just one dose too many of the same product. The company that demands he be the fastest and threatens to drop him if he loses is the one that sells him the shortcut and covers up his killings; in “Herogasm,” Ashley Barrett, the executive now in charge of the Seven, throws in his face the more than a hundred hours she has spent covering up his crimes, Popclaw’s murder among them. That looks more like Messner and Rosenfeld’s institutional anomie (1994), in which market logic swallows every other institution, than like Merton’s strain. And there is a second limit: Merton explains rates and pressures, not a person. Popclaw’s murder pursues no success at all: it is obedience and fear; and Blue Hawk’s death is better understood through Agnew’s general strain theory (1992), the strain born of losing what one loves. Explaining A-Train is not excusing him. Plenty of athletes fear losing their place, and they don’t kill their partners to save it.
The series also gives Merton his fifth adaptation. In season four, A-Train feeds information to the Boys from inside the Seven, saves Hughie from Homelander, rushes Mother’s Milk to the hospital at full speed when he seems to be having a heart attack, which turns out to be a panic attack,, and finally walks away from the team: he rejects both the goals and the means and embraces new ones, which is rebellion. In “Fifteen Inches of Sheer Dynamite,” the premiere of the fifth and final season (2026), he helps Starlight free her friends from a Vought “Freedom Camp” and pulls Hughie out of the path of Homelander’s laser, and Homelander chases him. On the road, a woman crosses in front of him. This time, unlike Robin, he swerves, and the turn sends him crashing into the trees. Homelander catches up, A-Train laughs in his face, and Homelander snaps his neck. Eric Kripke, the show’s creator, told TheWrap that the swerve was the perfect signpost of how much the character had changed since the beginning.
When only finishing first counts
Compound V is fiction, but A-Train’s dilemma is not. Doping in elite sport is the clearest example of Mertonian innovation outside the textbooks: a competition that rewards only first place, short careers, contracts that hang on the latest result, and a substance that works. The theory does not say that whoever dopes is innocent; it says that if an institution rewards winning far more than winning clean, it should not be surprised when some stop playing clean. That is why its answer is not only to punish whoever crosses the line, but to look again at what the institution demands and what it offers people to meet that demand.
Three key ideas
- Merton’s anomie (1938) arises when a culture exalts a goal far more than the legitimate means; the innovator accepts the goal and reaches it by illegitimate means, and Merton gave sport that rewards only winning as an example.
- A-Train, the Seven’s speedster, injects Compound V so as not to lose his place as the fastest man in the world: high, he runs through Robin in the first episode, and later he kills Popclaw, betrays Supersonic and kills Blue Hawk.
- The crack: Vought sets the goal, sells the shortcut and covers up the crimes, which brings the case closer to institutional anomie; and his final redemption, until he dies at Homelander’s hands, is Merton’s rebellion, not an excuse for what came before.
Sources · further reading
- Merton, R. K. (1938). “Social Structure and Anomie”. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672-682.
- Merton, R. K. (1949). Social Theory and Social Structure. Free Press.
- Messner, S. F. and Rosenfeld, R. (1994). Crime and the American Dream. Wadsworth.
- Agnew, R. (1992). “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency”. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87.
- Ennis, G. and Robertson, D. (2006-2012). The Boys (comic). Wildstorm / Dynamite Entertainment.
- Kripke, E. (creator) (2019-2026). The Boys. Prime Video. Seasons 1 to 5.
Case-file questionsFrequently asked questions
Who is A-Train?
A-Train (“Reggie Franklin”) is a villain from The Boys, analysed on KRIMINIS through the lens of criminology. He never saw Robin.
Why does A-Train (Reggie Franklin) become a villain?
A-Train, of The Boys, and Merton’s anomie: the Seven’s speedster shoots up Compound V to stay the fastest man alive and, in the first episode, runs through Robin. The goal is fame; the means, a syringe.
Which criminological theory explains A-Train?
A-Train's case is analysed through Anomie / Strain. Robert K. Merton’s anomie theory (1938) explains part of deviance as an adaptation to the strain between the goals a culture exalts and the legitimate means of reaching them: whoever accepts the goal and changes the means is an innovator. A-Train (Jessie T. Usher), of The Boys (Prime Video, 2019-2026), is Reggie Franklin, the speedster of the Seven, Vought’s superhero team. To stay the fastest man in the world he abuses Compound V, the substance that grants the powers, and in the first episode, high, he runs through Robin, Hughie Campbell’s girlfriend. Later he kills his own partner, Popclaw, to keep the secret. Four seasons on, he dies at Homelander’s hands.








